Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. Location. With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. thesis, University of Nairobi. Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland. Conflict. (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). We hope you find it interesting. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. The presumed nominal forebears of the present-day Acholi group migrated South to Northern Uganda from the area now known as Bahr el Ghazal in South Sudan by about 1,000 AD. Okeny, Kenneth (1982). were able gain wealth by trading mainly in ivory. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with be possessed by a spirit named Lakwena, the so-called Holy Spirit Movement fought a rebellion From the beginning, the Acholi were marginal compared to Britain's concern with Buganda, at the core of the colony. Movement. many of them children, the conflict led to the displacement of millions. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". Organizational Politics. NRA in 1986. Under Ugandan Pres. Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. Localized patrilineal lineages, some of which have "brother" lineages of the same or different name in other parts of Acholi, have long been the fundamental social and economic units in Acholi. Milton Obote (196271, 198085). Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. B. Webster, eds. [13] The refugees in the camps have also been subject to raids by both LRA and government forces.[10]. majority peasant population. The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. The Acholi occupy a 39,000-square-kilometer area, three-fourths of which lies within Uganda, extending roughly from 215 to 4159 N and 3325 to 3345 E. Their neighbors include the Luo-speaking Lango, Paluo, and Alur to the south and southwest, the Central Sudanic-speaking Madi to the west, and the Eastern Nilotic Jie and Karamojong to the east. "[20] They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. NAPE, along with sister organization the National Association for Women's Action in Development, has brought together more than 5,000 women from . Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. comparably flat. 1679-1914." [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. It was not until 1995 that a constitutional reform recognized such cultural leaders, but they have not been fully restored to previous powers, as so much of society has changed. While rwodi, Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. The Shona-speaking peoples comprise about 80 percent of the population of Zimbabwe,, Swazi Army membership has also supplied a distinct, if largely negative, socializing influence on many Acholi young men. named Luo. Ceremonies. Under Ugandan Pres. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Okot p'Bitek (1971). Museveni has held absolute power since, surviving unrest, civil war, and numerous attempts at coups. journalist who created an account of the history and traditions of the Acholi, wrote that the This paper is a case study analysis of the sociological phenomena of forgiveness occurring in an ongoing two-decade war in northern Uganda. London: James Currey. Nevertheless, many remain in a state of displacement. Identification. As of September 2009, large numbers of Acholi people remain in camps as internally displaced persons. The primary language of Acholi today is Luo, a Western Nilotic language spoken by groups scattered across East Africa from the southern Sudan to Tanzania; many also speak English and/or Kiswahili. 53- T(h)uri Kumam (1991). From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . The personal and group loss resulting from death is acknowledged as real and permanent. In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting 20- Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. The documentary was met with mixed reactions, with many people familiar with the situation dubbing it a shallow and money-grabbing scheme. "Acholi Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. of as dialects of Acholi. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Since the Lords Resistance Army was largely pushed out of Northern Uganda, the majority of Acholi more than 80 per cent have been able to return to their homes. portrayed this relationship in his account as rather hostile and negative: Most of these Arabs carrying business of slave trade were coming from Egypt, they Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda - JSTOR In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Led by Alice Auma, who claimed to The Lwoo. Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. "The Ancestral Shrine of the Acholi." It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling southern parts of the country. [CDATA[ A new sociopolitical orderand the basis of an Acholi identitywas established when chiefly institutions and ideology were introduced into Acholi by Luo-speaking Paluo from the neighboring kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara. passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. Webster, J. It does not store any personal data. "State Formation in Acholi: The Emergence of Obbo, Pajok, and Panyikwara States c. Acholi conceive of death as an inevitable, personal defeat and tragedy, against which there is no ultimate defense. The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. He overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi. settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. colonial rule in their region for decades, before finally being integrated in the Ugandan territory Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. 2 I Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just b https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi 3 vols. Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. PDF Publications | International IDEA At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1994). Political Organizations | Internal Revenue Service - IRS tax forms supported them at first also regretted their support after seeing the sufferings of Acholi in The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. The relationship between (real) brother and sister is often very close, especially when one acts as the lapidi (nurse-child) to the other, as are the bonds between the children of sisters. This has continued in various guises ever since. This trade brought new wealth into Acholi that was unevenly accumulated, with rwodi and interpreters (and eventually their sons and other kinsmen) the major beneficiaries. Instead, the Acholi were integrated in the The Acholi live in small hamlets among patrilineal kin. Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization. In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. This belief underlies the customary land tenure rule that prohibits women from having rights to land independent of their relationship with their father or husband. heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Colonial chiefs in a stateless society: a case-study from Northern . Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) under the leadership of Joseph Kony has waged a war against Yoweri Museveni's government. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Tito and Bazilio, who were Acholi by tribe, fled the country into exile. commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). political organisation of the acholi In the precolonial era, warfare, herding, and hunting were the domain of men. the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. with the Gulu district being by far the most populated one (Uganda, 2016). of the West Nile, to the north by the South Sudan, to the east by the Karamojong region, to the, 23 Each Ugandan district has a language board responsible for implementing policies on indigenous language. Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. Social Organization. Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." [1994], p. 80). More commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the majority peasant population. Political Organization Defined | Internal Revenue Service Given the anti-Museveni sentiment of most Acholis, the LRA's inability to mobilize support - or to at least avoid repudiation by its own ethnic base - is remarkable. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. Political Organizations | Encyclopedia.com "Acholi Statt Afrika im Kampf gegen Hunger zu helfen, beuten Industriestaaten The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful social control in the area. Wright, A. C. A. Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. ETHNONYMS: Ebantfu ba kwa Ngwane (the people of Ngwane), emaSwati, emaSwazi, Swati 61). The first leader was Kuturia as mentioned [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this A Study of the Acooli Language: Grammar and Vocabulary. Acholi people - Wikipedia LRA, after losing support from the local population, also turned on the people of northern It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. However, the date of retrieval is often important. of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s While rwodi, members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both limited wealth in the society and redistribution. The Luo, (also spelled Lwo) are several ethnically and linguistically related Nilo-Semitic ethnic groups that inhabit an area ranging from Egypt and Sudan to South Sudan and Ethiopia, through Northern Uganda and eastern Congo (DRC), into western Kenya, and the Mara Region of Tanzania. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. This cookie is used to enable payment on the website without storing any payment information on a server. last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. Some Acholi mothers exclaim that they do not know their sons after they have been away in the army. With independence, the Acholi remained marginal within the framework of Uganda as a whole, with one crucial exception: their disproportionate numbers in the police and army. This in turn forged new political entities and identities as well as wider social relations. Langlands, B. W. (1971). While Bantu speaking groups had begun to occupy Apoko, Anna (1967). The The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. (1988). They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. against the central government. This structure was maintained by the real anointed chiefs of the Acholi, the rwodi moo. The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. Political Organization. The relationship between the Acholi and the British had for a long time been rather loose and Acholi's role in the colonial economy was confined mainly to the peasant production of cotton as a cash crop and the provision of recruits for the colonial army or police and migrant labor for the more "developed" Buganda. Due to a changing economy, after the 1950s, fewer Acholi was recruited to the armed forces but continued to be associated with them in popular mythology and stereotypes. Hier sind Acholi-Frauen dafr bekannt, . Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek, published in 1966 in Acholi, and later translated to English. Millet is the staple food of the Acholi, and tobacco is grown for trade. of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster limited wealth in the society and redistribution. the northern parts remained ignored for a long time. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. Linguistic Affiliation. The Acholi of Uganda. Its current population is estimated to be around 2.155,000 individuals, or six percent of the total national population. Okot p'Bitek (1963). This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. southern part of the country relatively young. The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi', This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 19:17. In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Holger B. Hansen and Michael Twaddle, 162-177. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the Arab trading routes coming from the north, trading in goods, but also in slaves. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Identification. This cookie is set by Youtube. The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. In search of chiefly authority in 'post-aid' Acholiland Approximately 2.1 million Acholi were counted in the Uganda census of 2014, and 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]. Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. Anywa Adhola Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany Nairobi: Oxford University Press. The main point of contact [28], In 2012 the American charity Invisible Children produced a documentary about the LRA. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. Social Control. 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) Luo peoples - Wikipedia In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from the Gulu district into camps, ostensibly for their protection. All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. Dholuo Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the Political Organization. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 Certain rwodi and London: James Currey. Socialization. Women also provide major labor in the fields, as well as being responsible for most child rearing and all cooking and other food-preparation tasks. Specifically, this study explored, Living with Language. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. Milton Obote (1962-71, 1980-85). The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. 13.4 Organizational Politics - Organizational Behavior Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. Religion of the Central Luo. This complex process was helped along by two major droughts, probably during the 1720s and c. 1790, which promoted larger-scale political leadership that held the promise of greater stability and security, and by the formation of neighboring identities against which members of an emergent Acholi could compete, compare, and define themselves. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. Uganda - Government and society | Britannica Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority.
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