that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Rebellion and Revolution Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. ." All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). #ga-ad {display: none;} A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. Used Lotus Evora 400 for Sale in Frisco, TX | Edmunds Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. ." Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. 7 Population Milestones for 7 Billion People | Live Science He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. White Lotus Dental - Frisco, TX - Nextdoor The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. //Yingcong Dai. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. Completely unprepared for such an onslaught, the Qing dynasty lost, and Britain imposed unequal treaties and took control of the Hong Kong region, along with millions of pounds of silver to compensate the British for the lost opium. As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. The White Lotus War - University of Washington Press @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { The White Lotus Rebellion - Home Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. . Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? The White Lotus Secret Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. Szczepanski, Kallie. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. "The Great Yn: China's Last Imperial Dynasty" WIP Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Fall of China's Qing Dynasty: Causes and Consequences - ThoughtCo The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). The ethnic Manchu rulers of China's Qing dynasty reigned over the Middle Kingdom beginning in 1644 CE, when they defeated the last of the Ming, up until 1912. Update now. List of rebellions in China | Military Wiki | Fandom The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. . The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. 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