[98], After the Siege of Ascalon ended on 22 August 1153 with a Crusader victory and Damascus was taken by Nr-ad-Din the next year, uniting all of Syria under Zengid rule. Frederick was excommunicated on 29 September 1227, branded a wanton violator of his sacred oath taken many times. Eyewitnesses often have different accounts of events, so historians must. Among the survivors were the Templar master Guillaume de Sonnac, losing an eye, Humbert V de Beaujeu, constable of France, John II of Soissons, and the duke of Brittany, Peter Maulcerc. WINDOWPANE is the live-streaming app for sharing your life as it happens, without filters, editing, or anything fake. The Franks offered to partition conquered territory in return for rights to the city. Shortly after the Council of Florence, Pope Eugenius IV organized a Crusade to relieve Constantinople. The second military expedition to the Holy Land was called for by the Church to recapture the County of Edessa that fell to the Muslims in 1144. His brother Charles of Anjou who arrived one day before his death immediately entered into negotiations with the Caliph of Tunis to ensure the safe departure of the crusader army. All were granted papal indulgences. These symbols and rhetoric are used to provide a religious justification and inspiration for a struggle against a religious enemy. A Japanese Haiku has three lines and ten syllables. Many A few days later, they were again victorious at the Battle of the Meander. I'm giving you guys less than an hour please helppp! The Nivernois contingent was decimated that same month at Heraclea, with nearly the entire force wiped out, except for the count William and a few of his men. [129], Andrew II left for Acre in August 1217, joining John of Brienne, king of Jerusalem. The fact is that Islam [26], In 1074, just three years after Manzikert and the Seljuk takeover of Jerusalem, Gregory VII began planning to launch a military campaign for the liberation of the Holy Land. In the ensuing Battle of Mansurah in late August, al-Kamil had the sluices along the right bank of the Nile opened, flooding the area and rendering battle impossible. On 8 April 1099, Arnulf of Chocques, chaplain to Robert Curthose, challenged Bartholomew to an ordeal by fire. a. priests c. monks b. Cardinals d. bishops. A good portion of the Crusader invaders had died on the march. Historians now, however, tend to view the Crusades as only one, albeit significant, factor in Europe's development. Saladin subsequently ordered the execution of his Christian prisoners in retaliation.[120]. Historians question whether for him, the papal desire to salvage the crusade may have outweighed the moral consideration of shedding Christian blood. [200], In 1147, Pope Eugene III extended Calixtus's idea by authorising a crusade on the German north-eastern frontier against the pagan Wends from what was primarily economic conflict. Nevertheless, Gregory IX, who had condemned this truce from the beginning, issued the papal bull Rachel suum videns in 1234 calling for a new crusade once the truce expired. The fall of Jerusalem to the Muslims in 1187 CE 1 stood as a severe psychological jolt on the Christian West as they lost after an 88-year-long hegemony over Jerusalem. [169], At the end of 1244, Louis was stricken with a severe malarial infection and he vowed that if he recovered he would set out for a Crusade. = 15 ? They were followed by Hugh IV of Burgundy, Peter Maulcerc, Hugh XI of Lusignan, royal companion and chronicler Jean de Joinville, and an English detachment under William Longespe, grandson of Henry II of England. [41], On July 22, 1099, a council was held in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and Godfrey of Bouillon took the leadership, not called king but rather with the title Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri (Defender of the Holy Sepulchre). [54], The Battle of Harran was fought in 1104, pitting the Crusader states of Edessa and Antioch against Jikirmish, who had replaced Kerbogha as atabeg of Mosul, and Skmen, commander of the Seljuk forces. maintaining order through alliances as well as warfare. In, France, John (2006). [4] What constituted a "crusade" has been understood in diverse ways, particularly regarding the early Crusades, and the definition remains a matter of debate among contemporary historians. 6 2/3 The Weegy: A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to Later Crusades failed for all of the following reasons except a. the crusaders were outnumbered c. the desert climate was a challenge b. people began to lose faith d. there were arguments among Christian leaders, Clergy members often called upon to advise local rulers in political and social matters were ______ . This treaty ended the Third Crusade. Also known as the Crusade of Louis IX to the Holy Land, its objective was to reclaim the Holy Land by attacking Egypt, the main seat of Muslim power in the Middle East, then under as-Salih Ayyub, son of al-Kamil. "Constantinople, Latin Empire of". d. The kingdom was on the verge of collapse after the defeat, recovering after the successful Battle of Jaffa on 27 May. From the mid-14thcentury, crusading rhetoric was used in response to the rise of the Ottoman Empire, and ended around 1699 with the War of the Holy League. Royal Duty. Various kingdoms all throughout [61] Baldwin II of Jerusalem became king on 14 April 1118, but there was not a formal coronation until Christmas Day 1119 due to issues concerning his wife Morphia of Melitene. This can be seen in the 12th-century rebuilding of the Holy Sepulchre. Among those answering the call were by two European kings, Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany. Meanwhile, the Muslim invaders were [224] Modern historiography rejects the 19th-century consensus that Westerners learnt the basis of military architecture from the Near East, as Europe had already experienced rapid development in defensive technology before the First Crusade. The conflicts to which the term is applied has been extended to include other campaigns initiated, supported and sometimes directed by the Roman Catholic Church against pagans, heretics or for alleged religious ends. [114], The news of the disastrous defeat at the battle of Hattin and subsequent fall of Jerusalem gradually reached Western Europe. These include ones of Gregory X, Charles I of Anjou and Nicholas IV, none of which came to fruition. [3] These differed from other Christian religious wars in that they were considered a penitential exercise, and so earned participants forgiveness for all confessed sins. They then moved to Rome, where they became a government-in-exile. Finally, Roger of Salerno routed the last Seljuk invading army at the First Battle of Tell Danith on 14 September 1115. it was not understood how it started or how it spread. More of a pilgrimage than a crusade, it did include the participation in military action at the siege of Sidon of 1110. Why did nobles make King John sign Magna Carta in 1215? One year later, they laid siege to Damascus but after failing to capture the city, the German king decided he had enough and left the Holy Land. After the Crusader victory at the siege of Beirut in 1110, the Fatimid threat to the kingdom subsided for two decades. [174] The Franks were soon met by those from Acre including the masters of the Orders Jean de Ronay and Guillaume de Sonnac. evaluate each account to discover the truth. In, Mulinder, Alex (2006). They also acted as centres of administration. Acre and all the castles along the Mediterranean coast were systematically destroyed. a. The king of Hungary and the papal legate were killed in the carnage. [179], The sultan died in November 1249, his widow Shajar al-Durr concealing the news of her husband's death. Crusades were a series of 9 military expeditions which sought to recapture Jerusalem and other places sacred to Christianity from the Muslims. Pope Nicholas IV had tried to organize aid beforehand, and he and his successors continued to do so afterward, but without success. Although they did not migrate east themselves, their output often encouraged others to journey there on pilgrimage. He died in 1111, leaving Tancred as regent to his son Bohemond II, who ignored the treaty. Answer to Later Crusades failed for all of the following reasons except a. the crusaders were outnumbered c. the desert climate was a challenge b. people began to lose faith d. there were arguments among Christian leaders. Alphonse of Poitiers, guarding the camp, was encircled and was rescued by the camp followers. The Hospitallers retained the island until 1798, when Napoleon expelled them. The First Crusade and the establishment of the Latin states, The Fourth Crusade and the Latin empire of Constantinople, The Teutonic Knights and the Baltic Crusades. They had to march hundreds of thousands of people across a vast [citation needed]. On 18 May 1157, Nr-ad-Din began a siege on the Knights Hospitaller contingent at Banias, with the Grand Master Bertrand de Blanquefort captured. Charles's preparations for a crusade against Constantinople were foiled by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, who instigated an uprising called the Sicilian Vespers. [citation needed] The subject is a complex one, with overviews provided in Select Bibliography of the Crusades,[238] Modern Historiography,[239] and Crusades (Bibliography and Sources). Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will ________________. Anjou, France The doctrine of papal supremacy conflicted with the view of the Eastern church that considered the pope as only one of the five patriarchs of the Christian Church, alongside the Patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople and Jerusalem. In, Hendrickx, Benjamin (2006). On Christmas Day 1143, their son Baldwin III of Jerusalem was crowned co-ruler with his mother. "Devol, Treaty of (1108)". By the end of the 14th century, they had conquered all of Bulgaria and most of Greece and had surrounded Constantinople. Emperor John VIII, the patriarch of Constantinople, and members of the Greek clergy traveled to the West in 1437 to attend the Council of Florence. Only a few managed to return home. In April 1138, the Byzantines and Franks jointly besieged Aleppo and, with no success, began the Siege of Shaizar, abandoning it a month later. [198] In contrast the Christians formerly living under Muslim rule called Mozarabs had the Roman Rite relentlessly imposed on them and were absorbed into mainstream Catholicism. In, Bird, Jessalynn (2006). The dismal failures of this Crusade then set the stage for the fall of Jerusalem, leading to the Third Crusade. Prior to the formal surrender of Damietta, the two sides would maintain hostages, among them John of Brienne and Hermann of Salza for the Franks side and a son of al-Kamil for Egypt. Question [144] After much wrangling, an onerous agreement between the emperor and Pope Honorius III was signed on 25 July 1225 at San Germano. "The crusades of Louis IX mark both the culmination and the beginning of the end of, The concept of sacred space has held an important meaning for members of numerous religious traditions in America. It was in Cyprus that many of the institutions established by the Franks survived. The logistics of fighting a prolonged Crusade made it too difficult and financially impractical for armies to constantly move across Europe into the Middle East. [92], In the first major encounter after the Second Crusade, Nr-ad-Din's forces then destroyed the Crusader army at the Battle of Inab on 29 June 1149. Which of the following could be said of Bishops and Abbots: a person who journeys to a religious location. Raymond of Poitiers, as prince of Antioch, came to the aid of the besieged city. [13] "Franks" and "Latins" were used by the peoples of the Near East during the crusades for western Europeans, distinguishing them from the Byzantine Christians who were known as "Greeks". Answer to Later Crusades failed for all of the following reasons except. It was time to advance, and the Frankish army set out towards Mansurah. [112], As a result of his victory, much of Palestine quickly fell to Saladin. Many of these and related texts are found in the collections Recueil des historiens des croisades (RHC) and Crusade Texts in Translation. In, Lind, John H. (2006). " [40], On 7 June 1099, the Crusaders reached Jerusalem. Three such works are: Louis Brhier's multiple works on the Crusades[252] in the Catholic Encyclopedia; the works of Ernest Barker[253] in the Encyclopdia Britannica (11th edition), later expanded into a separate publication;[254] and The Crusades: An Encyclopedia (2006), edited by historian Alan V. Peter planned to return, but no European aid was forthcoming, and after his murder in 1369 a peace treaty was signed. [citation needed], In 1198, the recently elected Pope Innocent III announced a new crusade, organised by three Frenchmen: Theobald of Champagne; Louis of Blois; and Baldwin of Flanders. Encouraged by the success, the crusaders refused which proved to be a mistake. What conclusion can you draw about the connection between religion and feudalism? [167], Although the Barons' Crusade returned the kingdom to its largest size since 1187, the gains would be dramatically reversed a few years later. [53] In the north, the siege of Tripoli was begun, not to be resolved for seven years. After the Crusades, which of the following did not occur? [185] After his release, Louis went to Acre where he remained until 1254. [24] Byzantium's attempted confrontation in 1071 to suppress the Seljuks' sporadic raiding led to the defeat at the Battle of Manzikert, eventually the occupation of most of the Anatolian peninsula. [23] The political situation in the Middle East was changed by waves of Turkic migration in particular, the arrival of the Seljuk Turks in the 10thcentury. The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174-1189, The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI, The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus, Crucesignatus: its origins and early usage, The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall, 1239-1241, The Crusades of 12391241 and Their Aftermath, "The New Crusaders: Contemporary Extreme Right Symbolism and Rhetoric", County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos, Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart, Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII, Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America, Architecture of cathedrals and great churches, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crusades&oldid=1142838236, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Eyewitness accounts of the Second Crusade by, The history of the Fifth and Sixth Crusades is well represented in the works of, Key sources for the later Crusades include, This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 17:11. Other works of note include:[citation needed]. Learning this, Richard pushed his army forward, to within 12 miles from Jerusalem before retreating back to the coast. to punish and kill heretics and non-Christians in Spain. "Baldwin I of Jerusalem (d. 1118)". "Ramla, Second Battle of (1102)". Nevertheless, the Assizes belong to medieval Europes legal renaissance. Sultan Murad II offered Hungary a 10-year truce, which was ultimately refused. = 2 5/20 Gibbon, E., Kaye, J., Scott, W., Caoursin, G. (1870). Raymond was killed and his head was presented to Nr-ad-Din, who forwarded it to the caliph al-Muqtafi in Baghdad. to prove the earth was fla. Spain came to the New World for all the following reasons except: to bring Christianity to the Indians to find a new route to the East Participants came from all over Europe, from all social strata and had a variety of motivations, including religious salvation, satisfying feudal obligations, opportunities for renown, and economic or political advantage. Secondary Bibliography. [20][21], The Arab-Byzantine wars from 629 to the 1050s resulted in the conquest of the Levant and Egypt by the Muslim Rashidun Caliphate. She forged a document which appointed his son al-Muazzam Turanshah, then in Syria, as heir and Fakhr ad-Din as viceroy. He During a civil war in 1348, Emperor John Cantacuzenus allowed the Turks to cross the Dardanelles into Greece. Even before the fourteenth century was over they had occupied not only the Holy Land and Asia Minor but had also soundly defeated a large Anglo-Franco-Burgundian-Hungarian force at the battle of Nicopolis in 1396. overthrow the Holy Land. In, Madden, Thomas F. (2006). THE INSTITUTION OF THE CRUSADE The ensuing Seljuk victory also resulted in the capture of Baldwin of Bourcq, then count of Edessa and later king of Jerusalem, and his cousin Joscelin of Courtenay. The objective was Damascus, now led by the new atabeg Taj al-Muluk Buri, the son of Toghtekin. The Pope is considered the King's representative. The order was officially dissolved in 1809. Although Jerusalem and Cyprus normally had separate governments, through intermarriage and the exigencies of diplomacy, the histories of the two had become interwoven. This brought added information: the Egyptians had recaptured Jerusalem from the Seljuks. The term habeas corpus is Latin for _______________. "Crusade of 1129". The term "Crusade" is Latin and means "marked with a __________.". [128] Frederick had taken the cross in 1215, but hung back, with his crown still in contention, and Honorius delayed the expedition. The Crusaders entered, massacring the Muslim inhabitants as well as many Christians. John of Brienne argued against the move, but was powerless to stop it. The Hundred Years War was fought between _____ & ______. On page 14 of The Call of the Wild, what's meant by the phrase "The _____ is defined as to lose or give up hope that things will 15. [70], Baldwin II and Morphia married their eldest daughter Melisende of Jerusalem to Fulk V of Anjou in 1129 in anticipation of a royal succession. At the coronation festivities for Henry II in 1286, in total disregardor perhaps in chivalrous defianceof the ruin surrounding them, the nobles amused themselves by acting out the romances of Lancelot and Tristan. The offer was rejected. The third group from northern France was led by Stephen of Blois and Stephen of Burgundy. But the letter was intercepted and Bohemond was captured with Richard of Salerno by the Danishmends after the battle of Melitene in August 1100. the desert climate was a challenge [227], Manuscripts were produced and illustrated in workshops housing Italian, French, English and local craftsmen leading to a cross-fertilisation of ideas and techniques. there were arguments among Christian leaders, The term "Crusade" is Latin and means "marked with a __________." The sentence can be correctly revised in more than one way. Property became available while coinage and precious materials circulated more readily within Europe. [206] The historian Norman Housley notes the connection between heterodoxy and anti-papalism in Italy. Guy and Humphrey were imprisoned in Damascus and later released in 1188. The Doge of Venice Enrico Dandolo proposed that Venice would be compensated with the profits of future conquests beginning with the seizure of the Christian city of Zara. Both military orders were accumulating holdings in the kingdom and Crusader states, with the Hospitallers eventually obtaining the famous Krak des Chevaliers, an important military and administrative center. [63] At Ager Sanguinis, an army led by Ilghazi annihilated the Antiochian forces led by Roger of Salerno who was killed during the battle. A ransom was paid and the French king was released. [81] The city had been warned of his arrival and was prepared for a siege, but there was little they could do. You would most likely find glaciers in _____________. [37] Finally, Bohemond persuaded a guard in the city to open a gate. He also convinced them their first objective should be Nicaea. "People's Crusades (1096)". During this period, he was to maintain and support forces in Syria and deposit escrow funds at Rome in gold. [32], In response to Urban's call, members of the high aristocracy from Europe took the cross. Frederick obtained from the pope relief from his excommunication on 28 August 1230 at the Treaty of Ceprano. Innocent IV was more flexible, but tension persisted until the Turkish conquest in the 16th century. [65], The Venetian Crusade, also known as the Crusade of Calixtus II, was conducted from 1122 to 1124. Foremost amongst these was the elder statesman Raymond IV of Toulouse, who with bishop Adhemar of Le Puy commanded southern French forces. Fear of walking under ladders, a superstition held by many people, is baseless. The results of the Crusades The entire structure of European society changed during the 12th and 13th centuries, and there was a time when this change was attributed largely to the Crusades. [77] Fulk intervened, but Zengi's troops captured Pons' successor Raymond II of Tripoli, and besieged Fulk in the border castle of Montferrand. Finally, after Charless death in 1285, the barons once again chose a native ruler, Henry II of Cyprus. Bertrand's captivity lasted until 1159, when emperor Manuel I negotiated an alliance with Nr-ad-Din against the Seljuks. They were joined by a force led by Conrad, constable to the German emperor, Henry IV. [30] In transit through Germany, these Crusaders spawned German bands who massacred Jewish communities in what became known as the Rhineland massacres. Japanese art of the middle ages was based on ___________themes, while European art was based on _______ themes. The First Crusade and the establishment of the Latin states, The Fourth Crusade and the Latin empire of Constantinople, The Teutonic Knights and the Baltic Crusades. Were there lasting results from the Crusades. [211] Political crusading continued against Venice over Ferrara; Louis IV, King of Germany when he marched to Rome for his imperial coronation; and the free companies of mercenaries. The internal strife among the Ayyubids allowed Theobald to negotiate the return of Jerusalem. In, Murray, Alan V. (2006). Many wounded soldiers had been left behind at Damietta, and contrary to their promise, the Muslims massacred them all. Levies for crusades contributed to the development of centralised financial administrations and the growth of papal and royal taxation. Despite the decline in the appeal of Crusading, the popes continued to call for peace in Europe so that Crusades could be launched against the Turks, and they often financed such wars in holy leagues with various states such as Venice or Spain. The Goal Of The First Crusades Was To Retake The Holy Land Brilliant leader of the Muslim forces Saladin Despite Some Initial Success,The Crusades Failed True Most Of The Crusades Were England ,France,And Germany True Later Crusades Failed For All Of The Following Reasons Except People began To Lose Faith Under the rule of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, the policy of punishment against non-Christians was called the. [9][10] The use of croiserie, "crusade" in Middle English can be dated to c.1300, but the modern English "crusade" dates to the early 1700s. Soon, however, the Holy Land became the primary objective of the crusaders, many of which weren't led only by noble motives but economic, political, and social as well. The Teutonic Knights supported the later Prussian campaigns into the fifteenth century. The initial plan of a two-prong attack in Syria and in Egypt was abandoned and instead the objective became limited operations in Syria. Turkish attention shifted to a power struggle for the throne and thus allowed a papal fleet to recapture Otranto. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. [104] This gained Saladin the attention of the Assassins, with attempts on his life in January 1175 and again on 22 May 1176. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The Hospitallers and the Templars became supranational organisations as papal support led to rich donations of land and revenue across Europe. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. colonies? The Weegy: A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to WINDOWPANE is the live-streaming app for sharing your life as it happens, without filters, editing, or anything fake. With the embarrassment of the Fourth Crusade (1198-1202), all remaining crusading fervor seems to have left European warriors. Iftikhar al-Dawla, the commander of the garrison, struck a deal with Raymond, surrendering the citadel in return for being granted safe passage to Ascalon. The march to Cairo failed and the crusaders were forced to return home without capturing either Egypt or the holy cities. "Powerful, beautiful, indefatigable [unstoppable],, Later Masjid Architecture in the Arab World and Africa, Later Masjid Architecture in the Turco-Iranian World and India, Later Twentieth Century and Early Twenty-First Century, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/later-crusades, Pilgrimages to the Holy Land and Communities in the Holy Land. Riley-Smith, ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades (Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1995). [14][15] "Saracen" was used for an Arab Muslim, derived from a Greek and Roman name for the nomadic peoples of the Syro-Arabian desert. [citation needed] Early in the 19th century, the monumental Histoire des Croisades[249][250] was published by the French historian Joseph Franois Michaud, a major new narrative based on original sources. Just like the leaders of the Fifth Crusade, Louis IX succeeded to capture Damietta but he failed to capture Cairo. Islam. in The crusades: history and memory. What was the most important result of the Crusades? The Crusade of 1101 was a total disaster both militarily and politically, showing the Muslims that the Crusaders were not invincible. In, Morris, Rosemary (2006). In, Beverly Mayne Kienzle and James Calder Walton (2006). Shortly thereafter, they sailed for Antioch, almost totally destroyed by battle and sickness. How many Crusades were there, and when did they take place? [159], In 1229, Frederick II and the Ayyubid sultan al-Kamil, had agreed to a ten-year truce. Despite the fact that the Black Death was widespread and deadly. the landmass that includes Europe and Asia. In, Phillips, Jonathan (2006). were to expel the heathens from the Holy City of God Jerusalem. In Phillips, J., Holy Warriors (2009). [1][2] Later, the campaigns in the Middle East have been given the same name - retroactively, long after the event had ended , due to the facts that they had central approval by the Roman Catholic Church and that the military campaigns were organized in comparable fashion, with often similar rhetoric, symbolism, and banners as applied during the campaigns in Spain. Tripoli fell in 1289, and Acre, the last Crusader stronghold on the mainland, was besieged in 1291. [157] The major expeditions were led separately by Theobald I of Navarre and Richard of Cornwall. The Crusader army marched to the former Byzantine city of Antioch, which had been in Muslim control since 1084. Christians living in the 12th century, it was sacrilege for Muslim heathens to Frederick's first royal decree was to grant new privileges on the Teutonic Knights, placing them on equal footing as the Templars and Hospitallers. However, in America the term "Holy, holy sacred (often in Christian phraseology). But none of these or any other such schemes was put into effect. [177] Remarkably, Damietta had been seized with only one Crusader casualty. This is why the Crusades were doomed from the start. [197] In 1212 the Spanish were victorious at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa with the support of foreign fighters responding to the preaching of Innocent III. (February 23, 2023). According to the historian Joshua Prawer no major European poet, theologian, scholar or historian settled in the crusader states. The Byzantine Empire in the east He offered to surrender the kingdom of Jerusalem, less the fortresses of al-Karak and Krak de Montral, guarding the road to Egypt, in exchange for the evacuation of Egypt.