Also, unlike rabbits, rodents dont only live in tunnels and burrows. ; Risbud, A.R. This layout of teeth makes it easy for animals like the mouse to gnaw on food and objects. ; Ismael, A.; Ghaliony, M.A. Rabbits and other lagomorphs have a so-called clef lip: the upper lip is divided in two. performed a comparative pathogenesis study of infected pigs with HEV recovered from a pig and a human from the above groups. Rabbits, however, are not a part of the rodent family and are, in fact, a member of the Lagomorph order of animals. ; Kenney, S.P. The timing of the origin and diversification of rodents remains controversial, due to conflicting results from molecular clocks and paleontological data. Additionally, it was interesting to know that pigs developed comparatively more severe and persistent lesions when injected with the US-2 strain of human HEV than swine HEV based on microscopic evaluations. Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. ; Pavri, K.M. ; Johnson, G.A. The infectivity of the orally administered virus was minimal, with only two rabbits displaying fecal shedding and seroconversion [, Interestingly, around 2014, Han et al. ; Foquet, L.; Verhoye, L.; Abravanel, F.; Farhoudi, A.; Leroux-Roels, G.; Izopet, J.; Meuleman, P. Transmission of hepatitis E virus infection to human-liver chimeric FRG mice using patient plasma. Chimpanzees, cynomolgus, and rhesus macaques were used to compare HEV infection. Rabbits arent rodents; theyre lagomorphs. Progesterone and placental hormone actions on the uterus: Insights from domestic animals. Furthermore, they demonstrated that all HEV-injected pigs seroconverted to anti-HEV IgG. The history of rabbits in Australia is a deadly example of the havoc invasive species can wreak on ecosystems. Rabbits have a smaller set of peg-like teeth behind their top incisors. However, they demonstrated enlarged hepatic and mesenteric lymph nodes in both HEV-injected groups. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Also, their habitats are quite different: lagomorphs always live in burrows, while rodents can have other homes. What is the molar heat of condensation of ammonia? 10 Facts About Lagomorphs - ThoughtCo A distinctive feature setting lagomorphs apart from rodents is the presence of a second pair of peglike incisors set directly behind the large, continuously growing pair in the upper jaw. Hepatitis E virus ORF3 is a functional ion channel required for release of infectious particles. Rabbits are not rodents. used humanized FRG mice to evaluate several ways of inoculation. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! Animal Models for Studying Congenital Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus. Legrand-Abravanel, F.; Kamar, N.; Sandres-Saune, K.; Garrouste, C.; Dubois, M.; Mansuy, J.M. Navaneethan, U.; Al Mohajer, M.; Shata, M.T. One common and interesting feature of lagomorph reproduction is how inattentive the mothers are to their young. In lung sections, they observed pathological manifestations of pulmonary edema, and in kidney sections, focal lymphocytic infiltration surrounding the blood vessels appeared. ; Lee, J.B.; Park, S.Y. However, almost 30 percent of all lagomorph species are recognized as endangered species, including four pikas, seven hares, seven cottontails, and seven other rabbits. ; Anang, S.; Subramani, C.; Madhvi, A.; Bakshi, K.; Srivastava, A.; Shalimar Nayak, B.; Ranjith Kumar, C.T. - Uncovered. A fatal case of acute hepatitis E among pregnant women, Central African Republic. ; Nicand, E.; Guerin, P.J. However, not much information is available about rabbits and Moreover, when the human strain (gt1, sar55) was used in mice, RNA levels were reported to be 10, In 2019, Yang et al. Featured Image Credit by: A Beijeman, Pixabay. In contrast, the virulence of the same strain was comparatively higher, as suggested by elevated liver enzymes [, Furthermore, HEV infects different NHPs, including pig-tailed macaques, vervets, owl monkeys, squirrel monkeys, and patas monkeys but tamarins the infections are dubious because infection was not demonstrated in all the inoculated animals [, To examine the virulence between several HEV genotypes, rhesus monkeys were used. When confirming HEV infection in group 1 rabbits through the detection of HEV RNA in the feces, they showed persistent or intermittent fecal shedding of HEV RNA from 3 days post-inoculation (dpi) in the six rabbits. Rabbits dont. Heterogeneity and seroprevalence of a newly identified avian hepatitis e virus from chickens in the United, States. Purdy, M.A. HEV, in general, has been a difficult pathogen to understand in the laboratory setting. Overall, while rabbits can make good pets for the right person, they are not suitable for everyone and should be approached with care and consideration. Thats why both groups of mammals need to gnaw; it wears down their teeth. Webrodents What is the largest order of mammals? An ideal animal model, which reliably reproduces all aspects of pregnancy mortality and pathology, associated with human HEV infection during pregnancy, does not currently exist, and finding an amenable system reaching all ideal requirements might not be feasible. Future perspectives would be designed to a suitable experimental model system resembling in vivo tissue architecture such as organoids, spheroids, bioprinted microtissues, and organ on-chip systems [. Avian reproductive anatomy, physiology and endocrinology. The, Role of Placental, Hormones in Mediating Maternal Adaptations to Support Pregnancy and Lactation. ; Woolcock, P.R. In addition, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic hepatitis was observed in 15 of 18, 16 of 19, and 9 of 17 pigs from groups 1 to 3, respectively. Now, new evidence on this question has come from recent fossil discoveries in Hepatitis E Virus Immunopathogenesis. They found that two/six pregnant rabbits had a miscarriage while three of the remaining four HEV-infected pregnant rabbits died. Rabbits can make good pets for the right person. ; Kasorndorkbua, C.; Halbur, P.G. Meet Brer Rabbit and Sister Hare Tsarev, S.A.; Tsareva, T.S. ; Theaker, J.; Wittenborn, J.S. The Hepatitis Viruses: An Overview. This means that they have different characteristics and needs than rodents do. From one week prior to the virus injection to 5 weeks post-injection, embryonated eggs were collected regularly from the above-mentioned group 3 chickens. ; Emerson, S.U. The in vitro and ex vivo studies failed to provide a complete picture of a human pregnancy. ICDDRB. Prevalence and genetic features of rabbit hepatitis E virus in Korea. In 2017, Wang et al. Under experimental conditions, as mentioned above, pigs affected with swine HEV demonstrated no clinical defects but were consistently able to reproduce microscopic liver lesions that were similar to the naturally infected pigs with measurable HEV RNA in the feces, liver tissues, and bile [, Overall, as a model for human HEV infections, swine proficiently yield infection with gt3 and gt4 HEV and serve as a major reservoir for foodborne zoonotic HEV spread to humans. They showed similar disease patterns between clones pSHEV-2 and pSHEV-3 and wild-type swine HEV, made evident by the seroconversion, viremia, and fecal shedding of viruses. I am here to ensure you have everything you need to care for your fluffy little bundle of joy. ALSO READ: The ultimate guide to setting up a rabbit cage, What to do if your rabbit starts chewing on the cage, Mexican Cottontail: What you need to know before adoption. Yeh, Y.T. ; Braginsky, D.M. Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 43210, USA. ; Emerson, S.U. - YouTube What is the difference between lagomorphs and rodents? Positive and negative strands of HEV RNA were discovered in the placental tissues of HEV-infected pregnant rabbits. Unlike rodents they have two rows of upper incisors and the upper maxillary arcades lie further ; Muscari, F.; Sallusto, F.; Rostaing, L.; Izopet, J. Characteristics of autochthonous hepatitis E virus infection in solid-organ transplant recipients in France. ; da Fonseca, L.B. Lagomorphs are all herbivores. WebDifferences between lagomorphs and other mammals Although lagomorphs are more closely related to rodents than any other mammals, the two orders still have some major What are the two subdivisions of this group? Nair, V.P. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the demonstrated that avian HEV experimentally infected chickens contained an infectious virus in their egg whites but lacked proof of complete vertical transmission. ; Emerson, S.U. Whilst both have Aria's Ask and Answer! Select from the 0 categories from which you would like to receive articles. ; Tsarev, S.A.; Emerson, S.U. Lagomorpha - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics During early, middle, and late pregnancy, HEV RNA (both positive and negative strands) could be seen in HEV-injected mothers. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. WebAccording to this view, lagomorphs and rodents share a common ancestor, although Simpson was the first to admit that the relationship implied by Glires was "permitted by our ignorance, rather than sustained by our knowledge." Here we provide a review of rodent- and lagomorph-mediated seed dispersal based on approximately 600 papers found in an extensive literature search. ; Polywka, S. Human liver chimeric mice as a new model of chronic hepatitis E virus infection and preclinical drug evaluation. In addition, they mentioned that the control groups were negative for anti-HEV antibodies and fecal HEV RNA and had normal ALT and AST levels. Lagomorphs are all herbivores. Billam, P.; Huang, F.F. Furthermore, they did not see a considerable difference in the gross lesions either in gilts, fetuses, or piglets. This phase is similar to wound healing, primarily due to embryo implantation, invasion, and the vascularization of trophoblast cells into the maternal endometrium [, The second immunological stage of pregnancy is marked by the speedy growth of the fetus. They are relatively low-maintenance animals that require plenty of exercise and a diet of fresh vegetables and hay. Infection of Owl Monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) and Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularist) with Hepatitis E virus from Mexico. What is the difference between rodents and lagomorphs? These are about the size of their This is something that we dont see in lagomorphs. They have a light impact on the earth, and theyre healthy, all-white meat. Rich in highly-quality proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B12, and minerals like calcium and potassium, rabbit meat is also lean and low in cholesterol. While we provide information resources and canine education, the content here is not a substitute for veterinary guidance. The further development of small animal models, such as the BALB/c mouse model, to determine if gt1 or gt2 HEV pathology can be recapitulated is warranted, and provide hope for further small animal model development in the HEV pregnancy mortality field. future research directions and describes possible research applications. While there are many differences between rabbits and rodents, there are also some similarities. FJ906895, FJ906888, FJ906896, FJ906893) was performed. Their incisors continue to grow throughout their lives, which is also true of rodents and they have a gap between their incisors and the teeth by their cheeks. What is the difference between mammals and rodents? Perry, J.S. Thus, they confirmed that the tissues and organs that were positive for viral RNA (positive strand) in the absence of viral RNA in the serum were an indicator of success for viral RNA replication. Also, See further details. The pikas (family Ochotonidae) are represented by one genus (Ochotona) and about 29 species found in the mountains of western North America and much of Asia. The mammalian fetal membranes. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. The Domestic Rabbit, Oryctolagus Cuniculus: Origins and The prevalence of Th2-type cytokines establishes an anti-inflammatory state so that maternalfetal interface harmony can be maintained [, In the last stage, which occurs very late in the third trimester, fetal development finishes, and the babys birth is attained through a restored state of inflammation that is backed by Th1-type cytokines and immune cell invasion into the myometrium [. Origin of Rodents and Lagomorphs Mor, G.; Koga, K. Macrophages and pregnancy. Comparative aspects of trophoblast development and placentation. ; Lu, F.M. Naked viruses that arent always naked: Quasi-enveloped agents of acute hepatitis. ; Zack, P.; Shapiro, M.; Purcell, R.H. Therefore, rabbits are part of the lagomorph order and are not part of the Rodentia ordernot classifying them as rodents. Huang, Y.W. ; Debing, Y.; Brown, R.J.P. Goumba, C.M. The soft feces are produced in the cecum and contain up to five times the vitamin content of hard feces; these are reingested (see coprophagy). Notably, there was a smaller number of fetuses in the HEV =-infected group in comparison to the negative control group [early (35 fetuses), middle (3 fetuses), or late (61 fetuses)]. Mutualistic Fermentative Digestion in the Gastrointestinal The nutrient and waste needs of the embryo and fetus are managed by this organ, while nutrients are passed to the placenta via the mothers blood, and waste is removed from the same channel. ; Leung, V.; Nazli, A.; Zahoor, M.A. To investigate the HEV vertical transmission, newborn kits from four out of six HEV-infected pregnant rabbits (two had miscarriages) were studied. The experimental infection of pigs with gt3 HEV during gestation did not lead to enhanced morbidity or death. Rabbits are different from rodents in several ways. Purcell, R.H.; Engle, R.E. As the trimester continues, the external layer of the embryo merges with the endometrium, and the placenta is formed. Xing, L.; Wang, J.C.; Li, T.C. In contrast, lagomorphs are another group of mammals that have two pairs of ever-growing rootless incisor teeth. ; Lau, S.K.P. What proportion of chromosomes in a human skin cell are paternal chromosomes. articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without Although multiple studies have been conducted using NHPs, the disadvantage of not being the natural host of HEV, along with limited clinical presentations of the disease, makes it an unsuitable model for studying human HEV infection (, The chorioallantoic placenta of the mouse is discoid in shape and hemotrichorial in type [, In 2017, Sayed et al. If you let your rabbit have the run of the house, keeping two or more together could help you protect furniture and other items against the incredible gnawing of a solitary, bored rabbits teeth. While there are many similarities between these two groups of animals, they are distinct in a number of important ways. Lagomorphs proverbially are known for their high rates of reproduction, and many species produce many large litters per year. Han, J.; Lei, Y.; Liu, L.; Liu, P.; Xia, J.; Zhang, Y.; Zeng, H.; Wang, L.; Wang, L.; Zhuang, H. SPF rabbits infected with rabbit hepatitis E virus isolate experimentally showing the chronicity of hepatitis. Costa, M.A. The endocrine function of human placenta: An overview. This is because a rabbit has four incisors in the upper jaw (including two non-functional teeth), while rodents only have two. As nouns the difference between mammal and rodent is that mammal is an animal of the class mammalia, characterized by being warm-blooded, having hair and feeding milk to its young while rodent is (senseid)a mammal of the order rodentia, characterized by long incisors that grow continuously and are worn down by gnawing. Experiments that compare and contrast the tried-and-true natural HEV infection models, such as swine and non-human primates, which fail to induce enhanced pregnancy mortality, and the rabbit model in which pregnancy mortality was observed might be a key piece to understanding important differences in the virus and host responses leading to HEV pregnancy mortality. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Yang, W.; Chen, S.; Mickael, H.K. Hepatitis E and pregnancy: Understanding the pathogenesis. ; Mubarik, M.M. An immune clock of human pregnancy. All lagomorphs are herbivores, which has shaped features of skull and dentition. Editors Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. ; Woo, P.C.Y. Species within these families include European rabbits, European hares, American pikas, and dozens of others. ; Lehman, J.R.; Webb, D.M. Meng, X.J. Chronic Infection With Camelid Hepatitis E virus in a Liver Transplant Recipient Who Regularly Consumes Camel Meat and Milk. A historical lack of ability to efficiently propagate the virus in tissue culture models has led to many molecular aspects of the viral lifecycle being understudied. However, despite how well known this animal is, we have to clarify quite a common mistake that people make: rabbits arent rodents. Furthermore, newborn rabbits that were born to vaccinated individuals were free of HEV in comparison to the survived individuals from HEV-infected females that demonstrated HEV infection [, Rabbits are small animal models that can be used for cross-species infection, pathogenesis, pregnancy as well as vaccine studies. ; Read, D.H.; Meng, X.J. Species of rodents include: Although rabbits share a lot of characteristics with various members of the Rodentia class, they are not rodents. ; Cossaboom, C.M. In addition, the uterus and placenta of all HEV-infected mice (usual deliveries and terminated pregnancies) showed HEV antigens. In addition, fetal weight, length, offspring birth weight, and weight gain were studied but resulted in non-significant differences between the inoculated and control gilts. Both are rodents but they have some genetic differences rats have 21 pairs of chromosomes and mice have 20 chromosomal pairs. The further establishment and optimization of HEV mouse models are warranted due to the benefits mentioned above. What You Need To Know! Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. ; Wiersma, S.T. The other Asian pikas are burrowers that live in steppe and meadow habitats. ; da Silva, A.C.; Pinto, D.P. ; Kim, D.H.; Kim, B.S. ; Rozanov, M.N. ; Mitchell, B.M. reported HEV gt1 replication in the decidua and placenta tissue explants with observable apoptotic cells [, The above-mentioned in vitro studies and ex vivo studies such as JEG-3, PHESCs, and studies use the decidua basalis and fetal placenta, which demonstrate the relative differences in the interferon response, tissue damage and viral replication ability of gt1 and gt3 HEV. Both groups eat plant matter. ; Van Der Net, G.; Robert, A.; Osterhaus, A.D.; Haagmans, B.L. they have 2 specifically designed upper and lower incisor teeth What is unique about rodent teeth? Lagomorphs possess a moderately fused postorbital process to the cranium, unlike other small mammals. Arankalle, V.A. The primary difference among placental types is in the number of cell layers in the interhaemal area and the ease with which the transfer of macromolecules between the maternal and fetal blood occurs, making it an important factor with respect to the difference in placental permeability between animal species. Krawczynski, K.; Meng, X.J. Phylogenetic trees based on probability analysis of orthologous proteins (Graur et al., 1996) and nuclear genes (Misawa and Janke, 2003) demonstrate that lagomorphs may be more closely related to humans than to rodents, suggesting that at least some of the morphological similarities between lagomorphs and rodents may have ; Sun, Z.F. They can also live in trees or bushes, and they live in many more ecosystems. Transmission of hepatitis E virus from rabbits to cynomolgus macaques. However, the significant differences in physiology from mammals and resistance to infection with mammalian HEV make the avian HEV model difficult for its use for pathogenesis studies and to stand as an ideal model for HEV pregnancy mortality (, Although not a complete animal model system, placenta cell-derived models, including organoids, can be given consideration for modeling HEV pathogenesis during pregnancy. Mesenchymal stem cells therapy protects fetuses from resorption and induces Th2 type cytokines profile in abortion prone mouse model. Ahn, H.S. Small mammals such as rodents and lagomorphs exhibit extremely rapid foetal and neonatal growth rates and thus already have very short gestation periods (Swihart 1984; Wilson et al. Their results indicate that the rate of infertility was considerably higher in the HEV-infected rabbits (100%, 6/6) than in non-infected rabbits (25%, 3/12). reported HEV replication and interferon responses in human placental cells. Gardinali, N.R. You are accessing a machine-readable page. Role of sex hormones in the Development and Progression of hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular Carcinoma. Use the search! Also, their habitats are Rodents and Lagomorphs ; Duncan, R.B. Are Rabbits And Rodents Related? Rabbit Care Tips 14 Rabbit Myths And Misconceptions You Need To Stop Believing Now! ; Kmush, B.; Labrique, A.B. The course of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs after contact-infection and intravenous inoculation. Meng, X.J. Human pregnancy is a complex mechanism supported by immune regulation. Significant differences between the timing and interplay of these systems are notable between species, and making direct comparisons between animals and humans can be difficult at times. Cheng, X.; Wang, S.; Dai, X.; Shi, C.; Wen, Y.; Zhu, M.; Zhan, S.; Meng, J. They demonstrated that all HEV-infected rabbits (6/6) of group 1 remained non-pregnant, but 9/12 rabbits of group 2 became pregnant. In the beginning, Glires were neither true rodents nor lagomorphs; we call them basal or stem taxa. Thus, they proposed that xenograft recipients would be on the probable risk list from HEV-infected pig livers or cells [, In 2003, pregnant gilts, their fetuses, and their offspring were studied to dissect the effect of swine HEV. Hepatitis E virus: Can it be transmitted parenterally? Similarly, pigs injected with RNA transcripts from clone pSHEV-1, which had three non-silent mutations in the ORF2 capsid gene, seroconverted late with delayed fecal virus shedding and had unnoticeable viremia [, Thus, subclinical courses of infection were reported in pigs. Six batches of eggs (1113 eggs/day) were hatched, and each batch was kept independently and monitored every day for fecal virus shedding and viremia for 1 week prior to the necropsy. ; Karsany, M.S. A comparison of the histological structure of the placenta in experimental animals. Between 10, In 2012, Cheng et al. ; Orosz, S.E. These systems can be created from human cells and tissues and mimic in vivo phenomena such as the innate immune response to viral infection and how pregnancy hormones might contribute to infection outcomes. All rights reserved. Early evolution of rodents and lagomorphs. After birth, two babies developed hypothermia and hypoglycemia and died within 24 h. On autopsy and liver biopsy, one of these infants had massive necrosis [, To date, there have been no animal models that could recapitulate all the clinical manifestations seen in humans (, An appropriate model system for the study of HEV during pregnancy must address several important criteria, which we summarize here. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. 2016). Chen, W.; He, B.; Li, C.; Zhang, X.; Wu, W.; Yin, X.; Fan, B.; Fan, X.; Wang, J. Real-time RT-PCR for H5N1 avian influenza A virus detection. Required fields are marked *. Rabbit as a novel animal model for hepatitis E virus infection and vaccine evaluation. ; Waldschmidt, T.J. Estrogen blocks early T cell development in the thymus. 2023. Through the first twofour weeks of the first trimester, nutrition and waste are processed via diffusion through the endometrial lining. Their fast and prodigious growth and short reproductive cycles make them ideal for performing large numbers of experiments quickly. Hatched chicks necropsied at 23 days of age were reported as avian HEV positive for bile and liver samples. ; Purcell, R.H.; Emerson, S.U. Molecular and Paleontological Evidence for a Post-Cretaceous Rodents and lagomorphs form Glires, a group of gnawing mammals with enlarged ever-growing incisors. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. ; Othman, E.R. Even though both groups of animals gnaw, lagomorphs do so by moving their jaw from right to left, while rodents move theirs from front to back. Ponta, H.; Kennedy, N.; Skroch, P.; Hynes, N.E. ; Keyes, P.L. ; Kamali, S.; Jameel, S. Vertical transmission of hepatitis E virus. ; Amore, A.; et al. rodent Herbivorous or omnivorous vertebrate (over 2,000 species) with Rodents are mostly herbivores, but some are omnivores. In fact, the differences in their teeth are one of the major causes of While we provide information resources and canine education, the content here is not a substitute for veterinary guidance. Updates? Izopet, J.; Dubois, M.; Bertagnoli, S.; Lhomme, S.; Marchandeau, S.; Boucher, S.; Kamar, N.; Abravanel, F.; Guerin, J.L. Similar to a rabbits incisors, a mouses incisors also grow continuously. Of course, its lack of fat means you need to take caution when you prepare it. ; Renou, C. Zoonotic hepatitis E: Animal reservoirs and emerging risks. while making an avian HEV infectious fecal stock with a titer of 10, To determine whether the avian HEV in egg whites was infectious, SPF hens (, For the establishment of the vertical transmission model for HEV, avian HEV transmission into newborn chicks was studied. They are lagomorphs, along with hares and pikas. Successful passive and active immunization of cynomolgus monkeys against hepatitis E. Tsarev, S.A.; Tsareva, T.S. In 2018, Knegendorf et al. Although the two major groups of gliriform mammals, the rodents and lagomorphs, are frequently grouped together by nonspecialists, the opinion of both paleontologists and neomammalogists has long been that the two orders are not closely related. Hepatitis E virus infection dynamics and organic distribution in naturally infected pigs in a farrow-to-finish farm. ; Tsareva, T.S. generated capped RNA transcripts of full-length cDNA clones of pig HEV which they revealed to be replication competent when transfected into human hepatoma 7 (Huh7) cells and infectious after intrahepatic injection into pigs. How these initial immunological modulations translate into increased mortality risks of patients infected with HEV during the second and third trimesters is not yet clear-cut with the existing data. ; Halbur, P.G. So, we hope all of this has cleared up the differences between rabbits and rodents! However, rabbits are not suited for everyone, and potential owners should do their research before getting one as a pet. Leblanc, D.; Ward, P.; Gagne, M.J.; Poitras, E.; Muller, P.; Trottier, Y.L. ; Song, C.S. However, no ovary sample showed negative strands of HEV RNA. Microorganisms. Search our database of over 12348 posts with up-to-date information from our experts and veterinarians. Surprisingly, HEV gt1 demonstrated higher susceptibility to chimpanzees in comparison to rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. ; Reyes, G.R. ; Boonstra, A.; Vanwolleghem, T. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 infection of human liver chimeric mice as a model for chronic HEV infection. My name is Jessie Bryne and I am a Bunny lover.
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